Vitalik: L2 cross-chain must possess three key characteristics: censorship resistance, Trustless, and no intermediary.

Gate News bot message, Paradigm's Chief Technology Officer and General Partner Georgios Konstantopoulos posted on social media: "My view is that the interoperability of x-chain is actually solved at the infrastructure level, with three main issues:"

1. Perfect integration of the wallet layer
2. The perfection of large-scale communication
3. The Perfection of Scaled Delay

( is a front-end skill issue, ) and ( are market maker skill issues.

In response, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin stated: "I believe that unless cross-L2 operations can have the same anti-censorship, trustless, and non-intermediated characteristics as operations within L2, this issue cannot be resolved."

I call it the 'no-regression principle': unless the new thing possesses the core properties of the original ETH transfer on L1, we cannot complete the task.

Konstantopoulos replied: "Yes, zero-knowledge (ZK) proofs can help us achieve this, but there still needs to be someone to pay for the proofs. Moreover, over time, the costs and delays associated with proofs seem to decrease, ultimately translating into lower entry barriers and narrower intent filler spreads. In contrast, users need to directly experience proof-based bridging or similar technologies."