I feel retail investors really don't need to study "block builders" to the point of memorizing flowcharts... Knowing the general idea is enough: at the moment you click confirm, the transaction may not be included in the block in the order you expect; someone might be packaging, sorting, or even combining multiple transactions before including them.

There are only two useful conclusions for us: don't use overly aggressive parameters during congestion; when you see inexplicable slippage or abnormal transaction order, first suspect that the path has been "arranged" rather than immediately blaming your own slow response.
Recently, AI agent automated trading has become popular again, and many people are hyping the narrative, but few are actually digging into security...
Anyway, what I care more about now is: what exactly did I authorize in this interaction, and whether failures will keep deducting fees—I'll leave other concerns aside for now.